情景化語法教學初探
目前,英語教學正處于改革的時代,課堂教學強調對交際運用英語的能力的培養(yǎng),強調讓學生在情景中積極操練。教師應該像樂隊的指揮,讓學生自己充當樂師在交際演奏中獲得能力。因此,有人認為只要提供學生大量的實踐機會就行了,語法規(guī)則不必講授。但是,英語畢竟不是我國學生的母話,教師不講授語法知識,學生很難掌握語法規(guī)則,特別是到了高中階段,學生如果沒有掌握好語法,就難以快速、準確地學好英語。然而,語法知識抽象難懂,如果教師只顧化大量的時間講授,讓學生化大量的時間背誦枯燥的語法規(guī)則,那么不僅學生難以掌握必要的知識,也不利于運用英語能力的提高,與目前先進的教學思想是相悖的。
其實,只要把語法知識與語言情景,尤其是課堂真實情景有機地結合起來,那么,語法知識就會真切可感而不再抽象空泛。學生不僅在情景中輕松地掌握了語法,同時還進行了語言實踐。
例如,為了讓學生弄懂have sth to do, have sth. /sb. done, have sth. /sb. doing, have sb. do這幾組結構的語法意義,首先,要引起學生對以上幾組結構所包含的語法的關注,于是,我讓中下程序的幾個學生上黑板用動詞的適當形式填空做以下幾個題目:
1) The nurse has several patients (look after).
2) They had the patient (take) to the hospital.
3) The boss had him (work) all day long.
4)I had him (wait) at the gate.
結果當然會出現(xiàn)錯誤,先不訂正錯誤,而是面對全班同學說:
Attention, please!
I have something important to say.(這句寫到黑板上)
對第一排的一位同學說:
Stand up, please.
然后,問全班:
What did I ask him to do?
Ss: You asked him to stand up.
T: Yes. I had him stand up(寫到黑板上)
T: I had him standing while we were talking.(寫到黑板上)讓那位同學坐下,再對全班說:
I had him sit down.
T: Have I said that important thing?
Ss: No.
T: No? But, I think I have said it. And next, I'll have a difficult problem solved.(最后一句寫到黑板上)
最后,師生共同歸納出前面的那幾個結構公式,經過補充和分析,說明have分別表示“有”、使役動詞“使、讓、要”等,引導學生弄清非謂語動詞在各個結構式中的作用。這時,再請同學們來訂正原先黑板上練習中的錯誤,就容易了。再配以適當?shù)木毩曥柟桃幌,學生就能很好地掌握了。
在教學過程中,捕捉一些偶然出現(xiàn)的情況加以利用,也會給學生留下深刻的印象。有一次,在復習到虛擬語氣時,剛巧我得了感冒,上課過程中時時忍不住要咳嗽,聲音有些沙啞。于是,等一陣咳嗽一完,我便由衷地說:
How I wish I had not caught cold!
然后,問一位同學。
What advice would you give me if you were a doctor?
S: Take some medicine. Have a good rest. And drink much water.
T: Could you stop my cough right now? It hurt me so much.
S: Sorry. There is no method that can stop cough immediately.
T: How I wish you know how to stop my cough right now!
接著面對全班:
I wish man could get rid of colds some day.
最后,走到黑板前,一邊說:Just now, I said I wished I had not caught cold. ……寫那三句含有wished 的句子,一邊寫出:
I wish/wished I had not caught cold.(與過去事實相反的愿望)
I with/wished you knew how to stop my cough right now.(與現(xiàn)在/當時事實相反的愿望)
I with/wished man could get rid of colds some day.(與將來事實相反或不太可能實踐的愿望)
wish后面賓語從句中虛擬語氣的時態(tài)形式有的同學弄不明白,那是因為,他們把非真實條件句中主從句之間的時態(tài)相互關系錯誤地遷移過來了。為了克服這個負遷移,要注意把學生的注意力引導到wish從句中來,讓學生把已經掌握的非真實條件句中虛擬語氣的時態(tài)概念正確地遷移到wish賓語從句中來。在上面所舉的真實情景中,學生聽著我一邊咳著、沙啞著表達我的難以實現(xiàn)的愿望,就能夠深刻地理解和掌握這一語法含義和用法。
顯然,課堂中能夠真實呈現(xiàn)的語法教學情景,比依靠學生回憶,想象營造出來的情境更鮮明形象,更富有魅力。盡管課堂教學受到時間和空間的限制,創(chuàng)設情景的素材有一定的局限。然而,教師只要多留心,多想辦法,多總結經驗,課堂上能為學生感知的各種人和事物,諸如天氣、教室中的擺設和教具,簡筆畫以及教師和學生的情況等等,都有可能被巧妙地利用。每一條語法規(guī)則的教學,只要根植于真切的情景這一豐厚的土壤,都能開出絢麗的花朵。
相關熱詞搜索:教師 其實,只要把語法知識與語言情景,尤其是課堂真實情景有機地結合起來,那么,語法知識就會真切可感而不再抽象空泛。學生不僅在情景中輕松地掌握了語法,同時還進行了語言實踐。
例如,為了讓學生弄懂have sth to do, have sth. /sb. done, have sth. /sb. doing, have sb. do這幾組結構的語法意義,首先,要引起學生對以上幾組結構所包含的語法的關注,于是,我讓中下程序的幾個學生上黑板用動詞的適當形式填空做以下幾個題目:
1) The nurse has several patients (look after).
2) They had the patient (take) to the hospital.
3) The boss had him (work) all day long.
4)I had him (wait) at the gate.
結果當然會出現(xiàn)錯誤,先不訂正錯誤,而是面對全班同學說:
Attention, please!
I have something important to say.(這句寫到黑板上)
對第一排的一位同學說:
Stand up, please.
然后,問全班:
What did I ask him to do?
Ss: You asked him to stand up.
T: Yes. I had him stand up(寫到黑板上)
T: I had him standing while we were talking.(寫到黑板上)讓那位同學坐下,再對全班說:
I had him sit down.
T: Have I said that important thing?
Ss: No.
T: No? But, I think I have said it. And next, I'll have a difficult problem solved.(最后一句寫到黑板上)
最后,師生共同歸納出前面的那幾個結構公式,經過補充和分析,說明have分別表示“有”、使役動詞“使、讓、要”等,引導學生弄清非謂語動詞在各個結構式中的作用。這時,再請同學們來訂正原先黑板上練習中的錯誤,就容易了。再配以適當?shù)木毩曥柟桃幌,學生就能很好地掌握了。
在教學過程中,捕捉一些偶然出現(xiàn)的情況加以利用,也會給學生留下深刻的印象。有一次,在復習到虛擬語氣時,剛巧我得了感冒,上課過程中時時忍不住要咳嗽,聲音有些沙啞。于是,等一陣咳嗽一完,我便由衷地說:
How I wish I had not caught cold!
然后,問一位同學。
What advice would you give me if you were a doctor?
S: Take some medicine. Have a good rest. And drink much water.
T: Could you stop my cough right now? It hurt me so much.
S: Sorry. There is no method that can stop cough immediately.
T: How I wish you know how to stop my cough right now!
接著面對全班:
I wish man could get rid of colds some day.
最后,走到黑板前,一邊說:Just now, I said I wished I had not caught cold. ……寫那三句含有wished 的句子,一邊寫出:
I wish/wished I had not caught cold.(與過去事實相反的愿望)
I with/wished you knew how to stop my cough right now.(與現(xiàn)在/當時事實相反的愿望)
I with/wished man could get rid of colds some day.(與將來事實相反或不太可能實踐的愿望)
wish后面賓語從句中虛擬語氣的時態(tài)形式有的同學弄不明白,那是因為,他們把非真實條件句中主從句之間的時態(tài)相互關系錯誤地遷移過來了。為了克服這個負遷移,要注意把學生的注意力引導到wish從句中來,讓學生把已經掌握的非真實條件句中虛擬語氣的時態(tài)概念正確地遷移到wish賓語從句中來。在上面所舉的真實情景中,學生聽著我一邊咳著、沙啞著表達我的難以實現(xiàn)的愿望,就能夠深刻地理解和掌握這一語法含義和用法。
顯然,課堂中能夠真實呈現(xiàn)的語法教學情景,比依靠學生回憶,想象營造出來的情境更鮮明形象,更富有魅力。盡管課堂教學受到時間和空間的限制,創(chuàng)設情景的素材有一定的局限。然而,教師只要多留心,多想辦法,多總結經驗,課堂上能為學生感知的各種人和事物,諸如天氣、教室中的擺設和教具,簡筆畫以及教師和學生的情況等等,都有可能被巧妙地利用。每一條語法規(guī)則的教學,只要根植于真切的情景這一豐厚的土壤,都能開出絢麗的花朵。
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